Thursday, November 8, 2012

Tuesday, November 6, 2012

Massive volcanic eruption puts past climate and people in perspective

ScienceDaily (Nov. 5, 2012) ? The largest volcanic eruption on Earth in the past millions of years took place in Indonesia 74,000 years ago and researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute can now link the colossal eruption with the global climate and the effects on early humans. The results are published in the scientific journal Climate of the Past.

The volcano Toba is located in Indonesia on the island Sumatra, which lies close to the equator. The colossal eruption, which occurred 74,000 years ago, left a crater that is about 50 km wide. Expelled with the eruption was 2,500 cubic kilometers of lava -- equivalent to double the volume of Mount Everest. The eruption was 5,000 times larger than the Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 in the United States. Toba is the largest volcanic eruption on Earth in the last 2 million years.

The volcanic eruption threw huge clouds of ash and sulphuric acid into the atmosphere and up into the stratosphere, from where it spread across the entire globe in both the northern and southern hemispheres and fell down as acid rain.

Traces of acid rain in the ice caps

"We have now traced this acid rain in the ice caps on Greenland and Antarctica. We have long had an idea of at what depth the Toba eruption could be found in the Greenland ice cap, but we found no ash, so we could not be sure. But now we have found the same series of acid layers from Toba in the Greenland ice sheet and in the ice cap in Antarctica. We have counted the annual layers between acid peaks in ice cores from the two ice caps and it fits together," explains glaciologist Anders Svensson, Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen.

"This means that we can compare the ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica with a annual accuracy and thus combine our knowledge of climate change in the northern and southern hemispheres," emphasizes Anders Svensson.

There has been much speculation about how such a huge eruption affected the climate. The giant clouds of sulphur particles that are thrown up into the stratosphere form a blanket that shields from the sun's radiation and this causes Earth to cool. But how much and for how long? Modelling has shown that such an enormous eruption could cause a cooling of up to 10 degrees in the global temperature for decades..

"In the temperature curves from the ice cores we can see that there is no general global cooling as a result of the eruption. There is certainly a cooling and large fluctuations in temperature in the northern hemisphere, but it becomes warmer in the southern hemisphere, so the global cooling has been short," says Anders Svensson.

Consequences for man

But the eruption may still have had major consequences for nature, the environment and humans in large areas of Asia, where a clear layer of ash from the eruption has been found.

The eruption occurred at a fateful time in human history, around the time when there was a mass exodus of our ancestors, Homo sapiens, from Africa to Asia and researchers believe that early people living as far as 2000 km away in eastern India were affected by the eruption, which raged for weeks.

Archaeologist, however, strongly disagree about what the consequences of the Toba eruption were for people living in the areas of Asia that were affected by the eruption. Speculation ranges from almost no effect to total or partial extermination of the population in large areas. Material from this period is too old to be dated using the carbon-14 method and the Toba ash layer is therefore a very important reference horizon.

"The new precise location of the Toba eruption in the ice cores will place the archaeological finds in a climatic context, which will help to shed light on this critical period of human history," says Anders Svensson.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Copenhagen, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. A. Svensson, M. Bigler, T. Blunier, H. B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, H. Fischer, S. Fujita, K. Goto-Azuma, S. J. Johnsen, K. Kawamura, S. Kipfstuhl, M. Kohno, F. Parrenin, T. Popp, S. O. Rasmussen, J. Schwander, I. Seierstad, M. Severi, J. P. Steffensen, R. Udisti, R. Uemura, P. Vallelonga, B. M. Vinther, A. Wegner, F. Wilhelms, M. Winstrup. Direct linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 kyr BP). Climate of the Past Discussions, 2012; 8 (6): 5389 DOI: 10.5194/cpd-8-5389-2012

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/-fUB4utxbS4/121105114657.htm

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Monday, November 5, 2012

Use a Hot Glue Gun to Create No-Slip Clothes Hangers

by Shep McAllister

If you have any wide-necked shirts or dresses that often slip off coat hangers, a quick application of hot glue can keep them in place.

Bravest Face Improv Presents - Triangle Arts and Entertainment

Home ? Events ? Bravest Face Improv Presents: November Reign O?er Me

by: Tri AE

Common Ground Theatre

?

Common Ground Theatre is a performance and teaching space located in west Durham, offering performing arts and educational groups a flexible, well-equipped alternative space.? The Theatre provides a convenient venue for Triangle audiences to experience the diversity of our area?s arts and educational offerings. All events listed will be held at Common Ground Theatre.

Three teams performing improvised comedy: Playdate!, Horrible Folks, and Diversity Training
Friday, November 9 at 8:00 p.m.
Tickets: $12- General
Information: (919) 698-3870

VN:F [1.9.20_1166]

Rating: 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

iCal Import + Google Calendar

Source: http://triangleartsandentertainment.org/event/bravest-face-improv-presents-november-reign-oer-me/

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Friday, November 2, 2012

TSX rises as firm data outweighs Barrick's slide

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John Geanakoplos Calls Out Obama Administration's Foreclosure 'Mistake'

Yale University economist John Geanakoplos said Thursday the failure of President Barack Obama's administration to stem the foreclosure crisis has stymied efforts to restart the economy.

"I think that's the biggest mistake of the Obama administration," Geanakoplos said, referring to the administration's failure to convince lenders to reduce the principal on underwater mortgages. "Writing-down interest, as the government did, just produced a bunch of people who re-defaulted anyway."

Geanakoplos made his comments at a panel of economists at Yale Law School. He said reducing the principal on mortgages that exceed the value of homes would have made everyone better off by helping borrowers stay in their houses, helping lenders recoup as much money as possible, and helping housing prices recover.

But instead, he said, the Federal Reserve has been stuck with the burden of reviving the housing market when it does not have the power to oversee debt in the economy. As a result, he said, the Fed's stimulus measures have been ineffective: "The rich are getting richer. The Fed wants them richer so that they?ll spend a little more money. That?s trickle-down economics."

There have been roughly 8 million mortgage foreclosures since the housing crisis began, according to Geanakoplos.

Robert Shiller, a Yale economics professor, praised some ideas in the American Jobs Act, while including a backhanded criticism of Obama's economic advisers: "I think Obama has assembled a good team. Now, they're not inspired like [John Maynard] Keynes was to find a deep, major solution to this problem."

Republican politicians also received their share of criticism. Michael Woodford, an economics professor at Columbia University, bashed as "perverse" recent Republican proposals to audit the Federal Reserve, consider bringing back the gold standard, and force the Federal Reserve to focus only on price stability.

William Nordhaus, an economics professor at Yale, said he thinks it's possible that the U.S. will go over the "fiscal cliff," the combination of tax increases and spending cuts scheduled to take effect at the end of the year that may plunge the U.S. into recession. "I don?t think anybody wants to," he said. "But nobody wanted World War I, nobody wanted World War II, nobody wanted to spend 10 years in Iraq. But things happen."

Earlier on HuffPost:

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/01/john-geanakoplos-obama-foreclosure-mistake_n_2061583.html

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David Finkle: First Nighter: Jessica Chastain as 'The Heiress' -- or Not

It's as simple as this: If you've got a play called The Heiress, it's absolutely obligatory that whoever assumes the eponymous role is utterly persuasive. Unfortunately, that's not the case at the Booth, where the 1947 Ruth and Augustus Goetz character study adapted from Henry James's Washington Square is revived with unfulfilled hope.

Jessica Chastain is -- well, really isn't -- Catherine Sloper, an unceasingly awkward young woman due to inherit $30,000 a year when her unloving father Dr. Austin Sloper (David Strathairn) dies. It's the fortune, renowned in 1850 upper-class Manhattan circles, that perhaps serves as the sole reason charming but penniless Morris Townsend (Dan Stevens) pursues the often tongue-tied, graceless Catherine and seems to abandon her when he learns the entire inheritance won't materialize if she weds him.

In 2011, Chastain turned herself into flavor-of-the-Hollywood-year through four impressively varied performances -- The Help, The Tree of Life, Take Shelter and Coriolanus -- to such an extent that she apparently struck a platoon of Broadway producers as a smart choice to topline a new treatment of the revered work. Were they thinking box office pull as well as talent? If so, they have overestimated the actress's familiarity to the ticket-buying public.

Although Chastain has some stage appearances on her resum?, this prestige assignment turns out to be a serious miscalculation. Throughout the first half, where Catherine's difficulty fitting into polite society is depicted, Chastain offers little more than a caricatured version of someone completely lacking social graces.

When, in the second half, Catherine at last rebels against her domineering father, the character may have, in Dr. Sloper's words, "found a tongue, at last," but she doesn't find a voice. By way of curiously flat readings, she short-changes some of the fired-up daughter's sternest, most memorable lines.

The only time Chastain finds a voice approximating the dignity Morris later ascribes to her is in the single word "Yes." She declares it when her chatty, optimistic Aunt Lavinia Penniman (Judith Ivey) exclaims of the returned-from-California and ostensibly contrite Morris, "Oh, Catherine, we have him back!" One word, however, does not a performance make.

With Chastain coming across as a void in the production -- and director Mois?s Kaufman has to be as much to blame for the deficiencies as is his leading-lady -- it doesn't matter a great deal what happens with the supporting cast as they uniformly look great in Albert Wolsky's costumes and on Derek McLane's magnificent high-ceilinged vision of the richly-appointed Washington Square mansion a successful physician like Dr. Sloper would easily afford.

As Morris, Stevens -- imported from Downton Abbey for his Broadway bow -- doesn't help matters. His "gold-digger" suggests nothing of possible venality, and is instead a thoroughly convincing victim of Catherine's unconvincing appeal. But a Morris so taken with the young woman begs the question, "What can he possibly see in her when there have to be other New York City heiresses around to find him appealing?"

The effect of a Morris who only hints at predominant interest in the money late in the script reflects poorly on the dramatists' writing and is another of the director's missteps. Surely, if they -- or James -- intended Morris to fall head over heels for a dull and clumsy Catherine, they would have built more of a back story indicating, perhaps, his own reticent nature. But they didn't and surely didn't want to.

Well, good words are due Ivey, whose enthusiasm as Aunt Penniman is such that she amusingly races the ends of her sentences in order to get to her next breathless comment. Strathairn conveys the heartlessness of a man who, ironically, wields the latest in heart-reading stethoscopes. Among the others, Virginia Kull as Irish maid Maria, Caitlin O'Connell as the third of the elder Sloper siblings, Molly Camp and Kieran Campion as Catherine's happily married cousins Marian and Arthur are perfectly fine.

Morris's sister, Mrs. Montgomery, a widow with five children whom Morris is helping raise, is especially refreshing and touching as Dee Nelson interprets her. When Nelson enters -- summoned by Dr. Sloper when he's attempting to confirm his suspicions about Morris's true interests -- a longtime theater-goer can't be blamed for thinking maybe she's the one who should be the enterprise's Catherine.

?

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-finkle/jessica-chastain_b_2059505.html

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